Research Collection. Magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Wälti, Monika Katharina. Publication Date: 2003
|
|
- Rosa Simen
- vor 6 Jahren
- Abrufe
Transkript
1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes Author(s): Wälti, Monika Katharina Publication Date: 2003 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 Diss. ETH No Magnesium Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Monika Katharina Wälti dipl. pharm. University of Lausanne born citizen of Rüderswil BE, Switzerland, and The United States of America accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Richard F. Hurrell, examiner Dr. Michael B. Zimmermann, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Giatgen A. Spinas, co-examiner 2003
3 Summary Summary Background: Magnesium deficiency is a common finding in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the USA, 25 to 39 % of outpatient diabetics have low concentrations of serum magnesium. Although low serum magnesium concentrations in diabetics have also been found in several European countries, including Austria, Germany, Italy, France and Sweden, there are no published data from Switzerland. Magnesium depletion has a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes as well as on the evolution of complications such as retinopathy, thrombosis, and hypertension. The reasons why magnesium deficiency occurs in diabetes are not clear. They may include increased urinary loss, lower dietary intake, or impaired intestinal absorption of magnesium compared to healthy individuals. Determination of magnesium status is problematic because magnesium is primarily an intracellular cation with less than 1 % of total body content present in the extracellular fluids. Serum magnesium concentration is a specific but insensitive measure of Mg status and can be normal despite depletion of intracellular magnesium. Other diagnostic tests, such as the assessment of intracellular magnesium in blood cells, muscle or bone, or physiologic assessment tests, either have shown equivocal results or are too invasive. Aims: The objective of this thesis was to determine the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in Swiss type 2 diabetics, to investigate the etiology of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes, and to perform a pilot study for a physiologic test for the assessment of magnesium status. Methods: To determine magnesium status in Swiss diabetics, plasma magnesium concentrations were determined in 109 type 2 diabetics and 156 age- and sexmatched healthy controls living in the Zurich area. To investigate the etiology of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetics, dietary intake, intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of magnesium were compared between type 2 diabetics and healthy controls. The magnesium intake of 97 patients with type 2 diabetes and 100 healthy, non-diabetic controls matched for age and sex 2
4 Summary was estimated using a diet history method. During winter and summer periods, mean daily magnesium intakes were calculated from detailed information given by the test subjects about their eating habits over the previous two months. The calculations were performed using EBIS, a computer program based on a German nutrient data base (BLS 2.3), with food items specific to Switzerland added or directly analyzed when necessary. Magnesium absorption, and its excretion and retention were evaluated in 12 type 2 diabetics and 10 healthy controls using a stable isotope technique. The subjects received a test meal labeled with 10 mg of 26 Mg isotopic label and collected stools and urine for 10 and 6 days, respectively. Apparent absorption was calculated as the difference between the oral dose of 26 Mg isotopic label and the total amount of isotopic label excreted in feces. Magnesium retention was calculated from the apparent absorption and the urinary excretion of 26 Mg isotopic label in the 6 days after administration. A modified version of the magnesium retention test using a small dose of 26 Mg was evaluated for assessment of magnesium status in 22 healthy subjects. Muscle magnesium concentration was used as reference for magnesium status. A muscle biopsy was taken from the lateral portion of the quadriceps muscle from each subject. Six to ten weeks later, 11 mg of 26 Mg (as MgCl 2 in 14 ml water) was injected i.v. over a period of 10 minutes and all urine was collected for the following 24 hours. Excretion of the isotopic label was expressed as percentage of the administered dose excreted in urine within 24 hours. Results: Mean±SD plasma magnesium concentrations of the patients with type 2 diabetes (0.77 ±0.08 mmol/l) were significantly lower than the controls (0.83 ±0.07 mmol/l) (p < 0.001). Plasma magnesium concentrations were below the normal reference range in 37.6 % of the diabetic patients and 10.9 % of the control subjects (p<0.001). Plasma magnesium was not correlated with glycemic control as measured by HbA 1c. The mean±sd daily magnesium intake of the male diabetic and male control subjects was ±103.1 mg and ±111.0 mg, respectively. The mean daily magnesium intake of the female diabetic and female control subjects was ±109.7 mg and ±109.7 mg, respectively. There were no significant differences in daily magnesium intake between the diabetic and the non-diabetic subjects and mean intakes in both groups exceeded Swiss recommended dietary intakes. Mean 3
5 Summary fractional magnesium absorption±sd in the diabetic patients and controls was 59.3 ±7.0 % and 57.6 ±8.5 %, respectively. Mean urinary magnesium excretion and mean magnesium retention ±SD in diabetics and controls was 11.2 ±2.6 vs ±3.8, and 54.2 ±7.1 % vs ±6.1 %, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups neither in absorption, excretion nor retention. For the evaluation of the status assessment method, mean±sd magnesium concentration in muscle was 3.85 ±0.17 mmol/100g fat-free dried solids. Mean±SD excretion of the injected dose within 24 hours was 7.9 ±2.1 %. No correlation was found between muscle magnesium concentration and excretion of the isotopic label (r 2 =0.061, p=0.27). Conclusions: Lower plasma magnesium concentrations are common in type 2 diabetics in Zurich, Switzerland, similar to reports from the USA and other European countries. The reasons for magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes do not appear to include lower intestinal absorption or insufficient dietary intake of magnesium. Moreover, in reasonably well-controlled diabetics urinary magnesium excretion is not different from controls. The main causes for impaired magnesium status in patients with type 2 diabetes may therefore include increased urinary magnesium excretion in patients with poor metabolic control and in those using diuretics, and decreased cellular uptake of magnesium due to insulin resistance. The modified magnesium retention test did not correlate with muscle magnesium and did therefore not discriminate magnesium status. Further studies would be necessary to determine its potential role in the assessment of magnesium status. 4
6 Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Magnesiummangel ist ein häufiger Befund bei Typ 2 Diabetikern. In den USA weisen 25 bis 39 % der ambulanten Diabetiker erniedrigte Serummagnesiumspiegel auf. Obwohl auch in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern wie z. B. Österreich, Deutschland, Italien, Frankreich und Schweden erniedrigte Serummagnesiumspiegel bei Diabetikern gefunden wurden, gibt es keine publizierten Daten für die Schweiz. Magnesiummangel hat einen negativen Einfluss auf den Glukosehaushalt und die Insulinsensibilität in Typ 2 Diabetikern, sowie auf die Entstehung von Komplikationen wie Retinopathie, Thrombose und Hypertonie. Die Gründe für die Entstehung von Magnesiummangel bei Diabetikern sind bisher unklar. Mögliche Ursachen sind erhöhte Ausscheidung mit dem Urin, geringere Zufuhr mit der Nahrung oder verminderte Absorption im Darm im Vergleich zu gesunden Individuen. Die Bestimmung des Magnesiumstatus ist nicht einfach, da Magnesium hauptsächlich intrazellulär vorkommt und sich weniger als 1 % des totalen Körpergehalts in den extrazellulären Flüssigkeiten befindet. Die Messung des Serummagnesiumspiegels ist eine spezifische aber wenig empfindliche Methode um den Magnesiumstatus zu bestimmen. Dabei kann trotz normalem Magnesiumspiegel ein intrazelluläres Magnesiumdefizit vorliegen. Andere diagnostische Tests wie z. B. die Bestimmung von intrazellulärem Magnesium in Blutzellen, Muskeln oder Knochen oder physiologische Tests haben entweder nicht eindeutige Resultate gezeigt oder sind zu invasiv. Zielsetzung: Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Abschätzung der Prävalenz von Magnesiummangel bei Typ 2 Diabetikern in der Schweiz und die Untersuchung der Ursachen von Magnesiummangel bei Diabetikern. Weiterhin wurde eine Pilotstudie für einen physiologischen Test zur Bestimmung des Magnesiumstatus durchgeführt. Methoden: Um den Magnesiumstatus von Diabetikern in der Schweiz zu bestimmen, wurden die Serummagnesiumspiegel von 109 Typ 2 Diabetikern und 156 gesunden Kontrollpersonen vergleichbar in Alter und Geschlecht in der Region Zürich bestimmt. 5
7 Zusammenfassung Um die Ursachen für den Magnesiummangel in Typ 2 Diabetikern zu untersuchen, wurde die Zufuhr mit der Nahrung, die Absorption im Darm und die Ausscheidung mit dem Urin von Magnesium zwischen Typ 2 Diabetikern und gesunden Kontrollpersonen verglichen. Die Magnesiumzufuhr mit der Nahrung wurde mit Hilfe einer Ernährungserhebung (Diet History) bei 97 Typ 2 Diabetikern und 100 gesunden Nicht-Diabetikern vergleichbar in Alter und Geschlecht erfasst. Die durchschnittliche Magnesiumzufuhr wurde aufgrund detaillierter Informationen der Testpersonen über ihre Ernährungsgewohnheiten während der letzten zwei Monate berechnet. Die Berechnungen wurden mit EBIS, einem Computerprogramm basierend auf der deutschen Nährwertdatenbank BLS 2.3, durchgeführt. Lebensmittel, die spezifisch nur in der Schweiz vorkommen, wurden angefügt oder falls nötig direkt analysiert. Die Magnesiumabsorption, Ausscheidung und Retention wurden in 12 Typ 2 Diabetikern und 10 gesunden Kontrollpersonen mittels einer stabilen Isotopentechnik untersucht. Dabei erhielten die Probanden eine Testmahlzeit versetzt mit 10 mg 26 Mg und sammelten anschliessend ihren gesamten Stuhl während 10 Tagen und den gesamten Urin während 6 Tagen. Die scheinbare Absorption wurde als Differenz zwischen der oralen 26 Mg Dosis und der totalen 26 Mg Menge im Stuhl berechnet. Die Magnesiumretention wurde anhand der scheinbaren Absorption und der Urinausscheidung des 26 Mg-Markers in den 6 Tagen nach der Verabreichung berechnet. Für die Bestimmung des Magnesiumstatus wurde eine modifizierte Version des Magnesiumretentionstests mit einer kleinen Dosis 26 Mg in 22 gesunden Probanden evaluiert. Als Referenz für den Magnesiumstatus wurde die Muskelmagnesiumkonzentration verwendet. Von jeder Testperson wurde eine Muskelprobe vom seitlichen Teil des Quadrizeps-Muskels genommen. Sechs bis 10 Wochen später wurden 11 mg 26 Mg (als MgCl 2 in 14 ml Wasser) intravenös über einen Zeitraum von 10 Minuten injiziert und der gesamte Urin wurde während der folgenden 24 Stunden gesammelt. Die Ausscheidung des isotopischen Markers im Urin innerhalb von 24 Stunden wurde als Prozent der injizierten Dosis ausgedrückt. Resultate: Der durchschnittliche ±SD Plasmamagnesiumspiegel der Typ 2 Diabetiker (0.77 ±0.08 mmol/l) war signifikant tiefer als derjenige der Kontrollpersonen (0.83 ±0.07 mmol/l) (p < 0.001). In 37.6 % der Diabetiker und 10.9 % der Kontrollpersonen waren die Plasmamagnesiumspiegel unterhalb des normalen 6
8 Zusammenfassung Bereichs (p<0.001). Der Plasmamagnesiumspiegel korrelierte nicht mit der Blutzuckerkontrolle (gemessen als HbA 1c ). Die durchschnittliche ±SD tägliche Magnesiumzufuhr mit der Nahrung der männlichen Diabetiker und Kontrollpersonen war ±103.1 mg beziehungsweise ±111.0 mg. Die durchschnittliche tägliche Magnesiumzufuhr der weiblichen Diabetiker und Kontrollpersonen war ±109.7 mg beziehungsweise ±109.7 mg. Es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Diabetikern und Nicht- Diabetikern und die durchschnittliche Magnesiumaufnahme beider Gruppen übertraf die Schweizerischen Referenzwerte für die Magnesiumzufuhr. Die durchschnittliche ±SD prozentuale Absorption war 59.3 ±7.0 % bei den Diabetikern und 57.6 ±8.5 % bei den Kontrollpersonen. Die durchschnittliche Magnesiumausscheidung mit dem Urin und die durchschnittliche Magnesiumretention bei Diabetikern und Kontrollpersonen war 11.2 ±2.6 vs ±3.8 beziehungsweise 54.2 ±7.1 % vs ±6.1 %. Weder in der Absorption, noch in der Ausscheidung mit dem Urin, noch in der Retention wurde ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen gefunden. Bei der Evaluierung der Methode für die Bestimmung des Magnesiumstatus war die durchschnittliche ±SD Magnesiumkonzentration im Muskel 3.85 ±0.17 mmol/100g fettfreie Trockenmasse. Die durchschnittliche ±SD Ausscheidung der injizierten Dosis innerhalb von 24 Stunden war 7.9 ±2.1 %. Es wurde keine Korrelation zwischen der Muskelmagnesiumkonzentration und der Ausscheidung des isotopischen Markers gefunden (r 2 =0.061, p=0.27). Schlussfolgerungen: Erniedrigte Plasmamagnesiumspiegel sind häufig bei Typ 2 Diabetikern in Zürich, Schweiz, ähnlich wie in anderen europäischen Ländern und den USA. Die Gründe für Magnesiummangel bei Typ 2 Diabetikern scheinen weder eine verminderte Absorption im Darm noch eine ungenügende Magnesiumzufuhr mit der Nahrung zu beinhalten. Zudem ist die Ausscheidung von Magnesium im Urin bei gut kontrollierten Diabetikern nicht signifikant verschieden von gesunden Kontrollpersonen. Die Hauptgründe für den verminderten Magnesiumstatus bei Typ 2 Diabetikern bestehen wahrscheinlich aus einer erhöhten Magnesiumausscheidung im Urin bei Patienten mit schlechter Blutzuckerkontrolle und solchen unter Diuretika und einer verminderten Magnesiumaufnahme in die Zellen verursacht durch Insulinresistenz. 7
9 Zusammenfassung Der modifizierte Magnesiumretentionstest korrelierte nicht mit der Muskelmagnesiumkonzentration und ist deshalb nicht aussagekräftig in Bezug auf den Magnesiumstatus. Weitere Studien sind nötig, um seine potentielle Rolle in der Bestimmung des Magnesiumstatus zu beurteilen. 8
Research Collection. Backward stochastic differential equations with super-quadratic growth. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Bao, Xiaobo
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Backward stochastic differential equations with super-quadratic growth Author(s): Bao, Xiaobo Publication Date: 2009 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005955736
Computer-gestützter Entwurf von absatzweise arbeitenden chemischen Mehrproduktanlagen
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Computer-gestützter Entwurf von absatzweise arbeitenden chemischen Mehrproduktanlagen Author(s): Klossner, Jürg Publication Date: 1985 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000342601
Cationic Cell Penetrating Oligoprolines and the Effect of Preorganized Charge Display
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Cationic Cell Penetrating Oligoprolines and the Effect of Preorganized Charge Display Author(s): Raschle, Philipp Stephan Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010813602
FIVNAT-CH. Annual report 2002
FIVNAT-CH Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Reproduktionsmedizin Annual report 2002 Date of analysis 15.01.2004 Source: FileMaker Pro files FIVNAT_CYC.FP5 and FIVNAT_PAT.FP5 SUMMARY TABLE SUMMARY RESULTS
Research Collection. Isolation of low molecular weight taste peptides from Vacherin Mont d'or cheese. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Isolation of low molecular weight taste peptides from Vacherin Mont d'or cheese Author(s): Mojarro de Guerra, Sandra H. Publication Date: 1989 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000600332
Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Tschudi-Rein, Kathrin Ruth. Publication Date: 1988
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Aspects of the reproductive biology of Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) with special reference to eupyrene and apyrene spermatozoa Author(s): Tschudi-Rein, Kathrin
The theory and practice of a multi-enzyme process a novel approach for the synthesis of fructose from starch
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The theory and practice of a multi-enzyme process a novel approach for the synthesis of fructose from starch Author(s): Moradian, Aydin Publication Date: 1990 Permanent
Research Collection. Human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase preparation of the apo-protein. Calorimetriy and pulse radiolysis. Doctoral Thesis.
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase preparation of the apo-protein. Calorimetriy and pulse radiolysis Author(s): Sutter, Barbara Publication Date: 2000 Permanent Link:
Research Collection. Offset gate field effect transistors with high drain breakdown potential and low Miller feedback capacitance.
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Offset gate field effect transistors with high drain breakdown potential and low Miller feedback capacitance Author(s): Dill, Hans G. Publication Date: 1967 Permanent
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN ENDURANCE ATHLETES. Nitrogen Losses During Exercise & Protein Supplementation in Marathon Runners
Diss. ETH Nr. 12682 NITROGEN METABOLISM IN ENDURANCE ATHLETES Nitrogen Losses During Exercise & Protein Supplementation in Marathon Runners A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Topologies on the set of Banach space representations
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Topologies on the set of Banach space representations Author(s): Koller, Michael Dominik Fabian Publication Date: 1993 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000888466
Group signature schemes and payment systems based on the discrete logarithm problem
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Group signature schemes and payment systems based on the discrete logarithm problem Author(s): Camenisch, Jan Publication Date: 1998 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-001923735
Research Collection. Security econometrics The dynamics of (in)security. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Frei, Stefan. Publication Date: 2009
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Security econometrics The dynamics of (in)security Author(s): Frei, Stefan Publication Date: 2009 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005887804 Rights / License:
Research Collection. Digital estimation of continuous-time signals using factor graphs. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Bolliger, Lukas
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Digital estimation of continuous-time signals using factor graphs Author(s): Bolliger, Lukas Publication Date: 2012 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-007342807
The measurement of the oxygenation status of the newborn infant
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The measurement of the oxygenation status of the newborn infant Author(s): Wolf, Martin Peter Publication Date: 1996 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-001630372
Interactive centerline finding in complex tubular structures
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Interactive centerline finding in complex tubular structures Author(s): Spuhler, Christoph Publication Date: 2006 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005267157
Ein Stern in dunkler Nacht Die schoensten Weihnachtsgeschichten. Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically
Ein Stern in dunkler Nacht Die schoensten Weihnachtsgeschichten Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Ein Stern in dunkler Nacht Die schoensten Weihnachtsgeschichten Ein Stern in dunkler
Application-specific processor for MIMO-OFDM software-defined radio
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Application-specific processor for MIMO-OFDM software-defined radio Author(s): Eberli, Stefan Publication Date: 2009 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005925607
The glycemic index and physical activity & protein during hypoenergetic weight loss in athletes
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The glycemic index and physical activity & protein during hypoenergetic weight loss in athletes Author(s): Mettler, Samuel Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005680004
Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a reciprocating plate extraction column
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a reciprocating plate extraction column Author(s): Bensalem, Abdel-Kader Publication Date: 1985 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000342723
A. Wutte, J. Plank, M. Bodenlenz, C. Magnes, W. Regittnig, F. Sinner, B. Rønn, M. Zdravkovic, T. R. Pieber
Proportional ose Response Relationship and Lower Within Patient Variability of Insulin etemir and NPH Insulin in Subjects With Type 1 iabetes Mellitus A. Wutte, J. Plank, M. Bodenlenz, C. Magnes, W. Regittnig,
Simulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Simulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models Author(s): Demiray, Turhan Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005566449
Stress-related problems in process simulation
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Stress-related problems in process simulation Author(s): Zelenka, Stefan Publication Date: 2001 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004183494 Rights / License:
Test automation for database management systems and database applications
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Test automation for database management systems and database applications Author(s): Lo, Chi Lik Eric Publication Date: 2007 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005512389
Guidance and control for aerobatic maneuvers of an unmanned airplaine
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Guidance and control for aerobatic maneuvers of an unmanned airplaine Author(s): Möckli, Markus Reinhard Publication Date: 2006 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005204888
Risk of Suicide after Bariatric Surgery
Overview Risk of Suicide after Bariatric Surgery Obesity and Depression Suicidality and Obesity German Obesity-Suicidality Study Birgit Wagner, PhD Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy
Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Bruderer Enzler, Heidi. Publication Date: 2015
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Studies on Pro-Environmental Behavior Future Orientation as a Predictor of Pro-Environmental Behavior and the Assessment of Ecological Impact Author(s): Bruderer Enzler,
Research Collection. Individual and social determinants of healthy eating: the role of people's nutrition knowledge and their regular eating networks
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Individual and social determinants of healthy eating: the role of people's nutrition knowledge and their regular eating networks Author(s): Mötteli, Sonja Publication
Research Collection. Real-time multi-object tracking. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Roth, Daniel Eugen. Publication Date: 2010
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Real-time multi-object tracking Author(s): Roth, Daniel Eugen Publication Date: 2010 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006016818 Rights / License: In Copyright
Algorithms for analyzing signals in DNA Applications to transcription and translation
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Algorithms for analyzing signals in DNA Applications to transcription and translation Author(s): Friberg, Markus Publication Date: 2007 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005378601
ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF DISTRIBUTION GRIDS WITH PHOTOVOLTAICS
Diss. ETH No. 22001 ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF DISTRIBUTION GRIDS WITH PHOTOVOLTAICS A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by CHRISTOF BUCHER ETH Zurich
Research Collection. Control strategies for balancing of series and parallel connected IGBT/diode modules. Doctoral Thesis.
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Control strategies for balancing of series and parallel connected IGBT/diode modules Author(s): Thalheim, Jan Publication Date: 2003 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004718457
Binary adder architectures for cell-based VLSI and their synthesis
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Binary adder architectures for cell-based VLSI and their synthesis Author(s): Zimmermann, Reto Publication Date: 1997 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-001912749
Schlafstörungen durch nächtlichen Alltagslärm Aus der Public Health Perspektive
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Schlafstörungen durch nächtlichen Alltagslärm Aus der Public Health Perspektive Author(s): Omlin, Sarah Publication Date: 2011 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-007316362
Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Weiler, Jean. Publication Date: 1967
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Analytische Berechnung und Messung der Potential und Dichteverteilung in SiliziumDreischichtdioden von niederen bis zu höchsten Stromdichten Author(s): Weiler, Jean
Asymptotic properties of diffusions in random environment
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Asymptotic properties of diffusions in random environment Author(s): Del Tenno, Ivan Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005649048
Sterilisation von stückigen Lebensmitteln mit Mikrowellen
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Sterilisation von stückigen Lebensmitteln mit Mikrowellen Author(s): Spreng, Hans Publication Date: 1975 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethza000119193 Rights
Quantitative IR-Laserchemie mono- und bichromophorer Fluorbutane Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, Isotopen-Trennung und Modenselektivität
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Quantitative IR-Laserchemie mono- und bichromophorer Fluorbutane Geschwindigkeitskonstanten, Isotopen-Trennung und Modenselektivität Author(s): Thöne, Hermann Josef
Methods to assess and manage security in interconnected electrical power systems
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Methods to assess and manage security in interconnected electrical power systems Author(s): Mäkelä, Olli Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010087017
Mobility trends in the Baltic Sea Region
Mobility trends in the Baltic Sea Region Conference on promoting strategic and innovative mobility for students and researchers 23 November 2010 in Copenhagen by Dr. Birger Hendriks Outline Forms of mobility
Role of Foxa2 Acetylation in Diabetes and Obesity in Vivo
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Role of Foxa2 Acetylation in Diabetes and Obesity in Vivo Author(s): Kondratiuk, Nadiia Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010464159
J RG IMMENDORFF STANDORT F R KRITIK MALEREI UND INSPIRATION ERSCHEINT ZUR AUSSTELLUNG IM MUSEUM LU
J RG IMMENDORFF STANDORT F R KRITIK MALEREI UND INSPIRATION ERSCHEINT ZUR AUSSTELLUNG IM MUSEUM LU 8 Feb, 2016 JRISFRKMUIEZAIMLAPOM-PDF33-0 File 4,455 KB 96 Page If you want to possess a one-stop search
On the cohomology of finite groups with simple coefficients
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis On the cohomology of finite groups with simple coefficients Author(s): Stricker, Markus Andreas Publication Date: 1989 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000518488
Fmoc-kompatible Festphasensynthese von C-terminalen Peptid- Thioestern
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Fmoc-kompatible Festphasensynthese von C-terminalen Peptid- Thioestern Author(s): Sewing, Axel Publication Date: 2001 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004227778
Key indicators in organizational health development individual and organizational variables for health-promoting change
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Key indicators in organizational health development individual and organizational variables for health-promoting change Author(s): Müller, Frithjof Publication Date:
Engineering of synthetic circuits for biomedical applications
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Engineering of synthetic circuits for biomedical applications Author(s): Ye, Haifeng Publication Date: 2012 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-007563440
Research Collection. Magnetism in 30 picoseconds and more. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Vaterlaus, Andreas. Publication Date: 1991
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Magnetism in 30 picoseconds and more Author(s): Vaterlaus, Andreas Publication Date: 1991 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000614775 Rights / License:
STRATEGISCHES BETEILIGUNGSCONTROLLING BEI KOMMUNALEN UNTERNEHMEN DER FFENTLICHE ZWECK ALS RICHTSCHNUR FR EIN ZIELGERICHTETE
BETEILIGUNGSCONTROLLING BEI KOMMUNALEN UNTERNEHMEN DER FFENTLICHE ZWECK ALS RICHTSCHNUR FR EIN ZIELGERICHTETE PDF-SBBKUDFZARFEZ41-APOM3 123 Page File Size 5,348 KB 3 Feb, 2002 TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction
On the List Update Problem
DISS. ETH No. 14529, 2002 On the List Update Problem A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences presented by Christoph
Control for knowledge-based information retrieval
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Control for knowledge-based information retrieval Author(s): Ultsch, Alfred G.H. Publication Date: 1987 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000410196 Rights
Wie man heute die Liebe fürs Leben findet
Wie man heute die Liebe fürs Leben findet Sherrie Schneider Ellen Fein Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Wie man heute die Liebe fürs Leben findet Sherrie Schneider Ellen Fein Wie
Research Collection. Zur Chemie der α-aminonitrile: γ,{delta}-dehydroleucin-nitril. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Buser, Hans-Peter
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Zur Chemie der αaminonitrile: γ,{delta}dehydroleucinnitril Author(s): Buser, HansPeter Publication Date: 1985 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethza000347283
Mock Exam Behavioral Finance
Mock Exam Behavioral Finance For the following 4 questions you have 60 minutes. You may receive up to 60 points, i.e. on average you should spend about 1 minute per point. Please note: You may use a pocket
Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Greber, Basil Johannes. Publication Date: 2013
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Cryo-electron microscopy structures of large ribosomal subunit complexes insights into biogenesis, evolution, and regulation of the ribosome Author(s): Greber, Basil
Efficient Design Space Exploration for Embedded Systems
Diss. ETH No. 16589 Efficient Design Space Exploration for Embedded Systems A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by
Contribution to the development of optical sensors for anions
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Contribution to the development of optical sensors for anions Author(s): Tan, Susie Sok Si Publication Date: 1991 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000617811
The Navier-Stokes equations on polygonal domains with mixed boundary conditions theory and approximation
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The Navier-Stokes equations on polygonal domains with mixed boundary conditions theory and approximation Author(s): Brun, Markus Publication Date: 2002 Permanent Link:
Die UN-Kinderrechtskonvention. Darstellung der Bedeutung (German Edition)
Die UN-Kinderrechtskonvention. Darstellung der Bedeutung (German Edition) Daniela Friedrich Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Die UN-Kinderrechtskonvention. Darstellung der Bedeutung
Call Centers and Low Wage Employment in International Comparison
Wissenschaftszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie Institut Arbeit und Technik Call Centers and Low Wage Employment in International
Notice: All mentioned inventors have to sign the Report of Invention (see page 3)!!!
REPORT OF INVENTION Please send a copy to An die Abteilung Technologietransfer der Universität/Hochschule An die Technologie-Lizenz-Büro (TLB) der Baden-Württembergischen Hochschulen GmbH Ettlinger Straße
ANLAGE 4. Final wording for SPC and package leaflet (PL)
ANLAGE 4 NON-SELECTIVE NSAIDS FOR SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OVER THE COUNTER (OTC) PRODUCTS Final wording for SPC and package leaflet (PL) As agreed by the PhVWP in December 2006, revised in January 2007
The projectivity of the moduli space of stable curves. I: Preliminaries on "det"...
The projectivity of the moduli space of stable curves. I: Preliminaries on "det"... Knudsen, Finn; Mumford, David pp. 19-55 Terms and Conditions The Göttingen State and University Library provides access
Dynamic Robot Architecture for Robust Realtime Computer Vision
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Dynamic Robot Architecture for Robust Realtime Computer Vision Author(s): Meier, Lorenz Publication Date: 2017 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010874068
Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Tschirky, Hugo. Publication Date: 1979
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Zur Festlegung von Führungsrichtlinien Buchausgabe unter dem Titel: Führungsrichtlinien; eine Grundlage zur Gliederung und inhaltlichen Gestaltung von Führungsrichtlinien
Comparative evaluation of three-phase Si and SiC AC-AC converter systems
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Comparative evaluation of three-phase Si and SiC AC-AC converter systems Author(s): Friedli, Thomas Publication Date: 2010 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006414218
EVANGELISCHES GESANGBUCH: AUSGABE FUR DIE EVANGELISCH-LUTHERISCHE LANDESKIRCHE SACHSEN. BLAU (GERMAN EDITION) FROM EVANGELISCHE VERLAGSAN
EVANGELISCHES GESANGBUCH: AUSGABE FUR DIE EVANGELISCH-LUTHERISCHE LANDESKIRCHE SACHSEN. BLAU (GERMAN EDITION) FROM EVANGELISCHE VERLAGSAN DOWNLOAD EBOOK : EVANGELISCHES GESANGBUCH: AUSGABE FUR DIE EVANGELISCH-LUTHERISCHE
Max und Moritz: Eine Bubengeschichte in Sieben Streichen (German Edition)
Max und Moritz: Eine Bubengeschichte in Sieben Streichen (German Edition) Wilhelm Busch Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Max und Moritz: Eine Bubengeschichte in Sieben Streichen
Die "Badstuben" im Fuggerhaus zu Augsburg
Die "Badstuben" im Fuggerhaus zu Augsburg Jürgen Pursche, Eberhard Wendler Bernt von Hagen Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Die "Badstuben" im Fuggerhaus zu Augsburg Jürgen Pursche,
Soll der Staat aktiv Innovationen fördern? Das Beispiel Airbus A400M
Wirtschaft Tobias Karcher Soll der Staat aktiv Innovationen fördern? Das Beispiel Airbus A400M Bachelorarbeit Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet
Microsoft Outlook Das Handbuch (German Edition)
Microsoft Outlook 2010 - Das Handbuch (German Edition) Thomas Joos Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Microsoft Outlook 2010 - Das Handbuch (German Edition) Thomas Joos Microsoft Outlook
Optimization of levodopa therapy in in Parkinson's disease
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Optimization of levodopa therapy in in Parkinson's disease Author(s): Hacisalihzade, Selim Sedat Publication Date: 1986 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-000409859
Research Collection. Medical Risk Communication and Decision Making: Results of Eye Tracking Studies. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Medical Risk Communication and Decision Making: Results of Eye Tracking Studies Author(s): Kreuzmair, Christina Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010581311
Multiscale modeling and simulation of fullerenes in liquids
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Multiscale modeling and simulation of fullerenes in liquids Author(s): Kotsalis, Evangelos M. Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005772771
Level 2 German, 2016
91126 911260 2SUPERVISOR S Level 2 German, 2016 91126 Demonstrate understanding of a variety of written and / or visual German texts on familiar matters 2.00 p.m. Tuesday 29 November 2016 Credits: Five
Ägyptisch-Arabisch für Minimalisten: Schnell Arabisch lernen mit Lautschrift (German Edition)
Ägyptisch-Arabisch für Minimalisten: Schnell Arabisch lernen mit Lautschrift (German Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Ägyptisch-Arabisch für Minimalisten: Schnell Arabisch
N-methyl pyrrolidone as a polyvalent small chemical for the prevention of osteoporosis and adiposity
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis N-methyl pyrrolidone as a polyvalent small chemical for the prevention of osteoporosis and adiposity Author(s): Gjoksi, Bebeka Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link:
QS Laborkompetenztest Frühjahr 2011
Qualitätssicherung. Vom Erzeuger bis zur Ladentheke. QS Laborkompetenztest Frühjahr 2011 Bewertungsschema Laborkompetenztest Frühjahr 2011 Bestanden alle 6 Wirkstoffe identifiziert und mindestens 4 Wirkstoffe
Dynamic Hybrid Simulation
Dynamic Hybrid Simulation Comparison of different approaches in HEV-modeling GT-SUITE Conference 12. September 2012, Frankfurt/Main Institut für Verbrennungsmotoren und Kraftfahrwesen Universität Stuttgart
Non users after Cochlear Implantation in Single Sided Deafness
Non users after Cochlear Implantation in Single Sided Deafness W. Pethe*, J. Langer*, S. Lissel**, K. Begall* *HNO-Klinik, AMEOS Klinikum Halberstadt **Cochlear Implant Rehabilitationszentrum Sachsen-Anhalt
Das Zeitalter der Fünf 3: Götter (German Edition)
Das Zeitalter der Fünf 3: Götter (German Edition) Trudi Canavan Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Das Zeitalter der Fünf 3: Götter (German Edition) Trudi Canavan Das Zeitalter der
VGM. VGM information. HAMBURG SÜD VGM WEB PORTAL USER GUIDE June 2016
Overview The Hamburg Süd VGM Web portal is an application that enables you to submit VGM information directly to Hamburg Süd via our e-portal Web page. You can choose to enter VGM information directly,
Comparison of the WB- and STAMP-Analyses. Analyses of the Brühl accident. 2. Bieleschweig Workshop. Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Lemke. Lemke,
Comparison of the WB- and STAMP-Analyses Analyses of the Brühl accident 2. Bieleschweig Workshop Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Lemke Braunschweig, 01.07.03 Lemke, 01.07.2003 1 Contents Identifying those aspects covered
Die besten Chuck Norris Witze: Alle Fakten über den härtesten Mann der Welt (German Edition)
Die besten Chuck Norris Witze: Alle Fakten über den härtesten Mann der Welt (German Edition) Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Die besten Chuck Norris Witze: Alle Fakten über den
Research Collection. The role of type I interferon signaling on T cells during acute viral infections. Doctoral Thesis.
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The role of type I interferon signaling on T cells during acute viral infections Author(s): Crouse, Joshua Mark Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010252591
Milk and whey in sports nutrition Natural sports foods or clever marketing?
Milk and whey in sports nutrition Natural sports foods or clever marketing? RRMES Symposium de printemps 2016 Vevey, March 3rd, 2016 Dr. Paolo Colombani Head Sports Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of
Research Collection. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Grundy, Anthony Nicholas. Publication Date: 2004
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis CALPHAD assessment of the La-Sr-Mn-O system and the defect chemistry of (La, Sr)MnO₃ perovskites used as solid oxide fuel cell cathode materials Author(s): Grundy, Anthony
Die gesunde Schilddrüse: Was Sie unbedingt wissen sollten über Gewichtsprobleme, Depressionen, Haarausfall und andere Beschwerden (German Edition)
Die gesunde Schilddrüse: Was Sie unbedingt wissen sollten über Gewichtsprobleme, Depressionen, Haarausfall und andere Beschwerden (German Edition) Mary J. Shomon Click here if your download doesn"t start
German Geography Cookie Unit Haley Crittenden Gordon German Teacher Lee High School & Key Middle School (adapted from Angelika Becker)
German Geography Cookie Unit Haley Crittenden Gordon German Teacher Lee High School & Key Middle School (adapted from Angelika Becker) Goal Students will learn about the physical geography of Germany,
Exercise (Part II) Anastasia Mochalova, Lehrstuhl für ABWL und Wirtschaftsinformatik, Kath. Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt 1
Exercise (Part II) Notes: The exercise is based on Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online. For all screenshots: Copyright Microsoft Corporation. The sign ## is you personal number to be used in all exercises. All
FACHKUNDE FüR KAUFLEUTE IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN FROM THIEME GEORG VERLAG
FACHKUNDE FüR KAUFLEUTE IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN FROM THIEME GEORG VERLAG DOWNLOAD EBOOK : FACHKUNDE FüR KAUFLEUTE IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN Click link bellow and free register to download ebook: FACHKUNDE FüR KAUFLEUTE
Tube Analyzer LogViewer 2.3
Tube Analyzer LogViewer 2.3 User Manual Stand: 25.9.2015 Seite 1 von 11 Name Company Date Designed by WKS 28.02.2013 1 st Checker 2 nd Checker Version history Version Author Changes Date 1.0 Created 19.06.2015
Die Intrige: Historischer Roman (German Edition)
Die Intrige: Historischer Roman (German Edition) Ehrenfried Kluckert Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Die Intrige: Historischer Roman (German Edition) Ehrenfried Kluckert Die Intrige:
Veränderungen der Glykogenkonzentration der passiven Muskulatur während körperlicher Aktivität
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Veränderungen der Glykogenkonzentration der passiven Muskulatur während körperlicher Aktivität Author(s): Kohler, Götz Franz Richard Publication Date: 2003 Permanent
Hausaufgabe 1-4. Name: If homework late, explanation: Last class homework is being accepted: If correction late, explanation: Student Self-Grading
Hausaufgabe 1-4 To Be Filled Out By Instructor Inspected Self-Grade Accepted Lateness of Homework Accepted Instructor s Grade: Name: To Be Filled Out By Student (White Fields Only) Class # due: 1-4 Turned
Research Collection. On Successive Cancellation Decoding of Polar Codes and Related Codes. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Schürch, Christian
Research Collection Doctoral Thesis On Successive Cancellation Decoding of Polar Codes and Related Codes Author(s): Schürch, Christian Publication Date: 2016 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010811963
Killy Literaturlexikon: Autoren Und Werke Des Deutschsprachigen Kulturraumes 2., Vollstandig Uberarbeitete Auflage (German Edition)
Killy Literaturlexikon: Autoren Und Werke Des Deutschsprachigen Kulturraumes 2., Vollstandig Uberarbeitete Auflage (German Edition) Walther Killy Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically
Funktion der Mindestreserve im Bezug auf die Schlüsselzinssätze der EZB (German Edition)
Funktion der Mindestreserve im Bezug auf die Schlüsselzinssätze der EZB (German Edition) Philipp Heckele Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Download and Read Free Online Funktion
Pluralisierung von Lebensformen - Veränderung familiärer Strukturen und innergesellschaftlicher Wandel (German Edition)
Pluralisierung von Lebensformen - Veränderung familiärer Strukturen und innergesellschaftlicher Wandel (German Edition) Olivia Stockhause Click here if your download doesn"t start automatically Pluralisierung