Research Collection. Quantum Transport of Ultracold Atoms. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): Krinner, Sebastian J. Publication Date: 2015

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Quantum Transport of Ultracold Atoms Author(s): Krinner, Sebastian J. Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO Quantum Transport of Ultracold Atoms A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by SEBASTIAN JOSEF KRINNER Dipl. Phys., Universität Regensburg, Germany born on citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Tilman Esslinger, examiner Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Zwerger, co-examiner 2015

3 Abstract This thesis presents a series of mesoscopic transport experiments with ultracold fermionic 6 Li atoms, and constitutes a quantum simulation of transport in mesoscopic devices. We develop a two-terminal setup, consisting of two macroscopic atom reservoirs connected by a tunable constriction, and use it to measure transport coefficients of quantum gases. The technique is ideally suited to probe quantum many-body systems, such as strongly interacting superfluids or non-fermi liquids. The reason for this is that the measurement signal the net current between the two reservoirs originates from exactly that part of the Fermi gas that is primarily affected by interactions: the Fermi surface. In experiments with a quasi-2d multi-mode channel we directly observe the contact resistance, which naturally appears in the Landauer-Büttiker formalism of transport. By applying a temperature bias between the two reservoirs rather than a chemical potential bias, we detect thermoelectric effects with an unusually large figure of merit ZT. In the same geometry the drop of resistance associated with the occurrence of superfluidity is observed when strong inter-particle interactions are introduced by means of a Feshbach resonance. The interplay of superfluidity with disorder is studied by gradually increasing the disorder strength in the 2D channel. In doing so, both a molecular BEC and a strongly interacting fermionic superfluid are turned into fragmented, poorly conducting states. Combining the transport measurements with high-resolution in-situ imaging of the conductor, we find evidence that in both cases the fragmented state has bosonic character. Imprinting a quantum point contact (QPC) on the 2D channel provides access to the quantum regime of transport, where single transverse modes are resolved. By tuning either an attractive gate potential or the confinement of the QPC we observe quantized conductance, for the first time in a charge neutral system. By gradually increasing the attractive interaction strength the height of the first conductance plateau surprisingly increases from its universal value 1/h to 4/h, calling for an explanation beyond the Landau-Büttiker formalism. Superfluidity eventually destroys the plateau and leads to non-linear current-bias characteristics. The entire process goes along with a gradual suppression of the spin conductance, reaching zero in the deep superfluid phase. We have established transport as a new tool to probe cold atoms and have demonstrated its high sensitivity to quantum many-body effects. Our experiments extend the concept of quantum simulation to devices, which moreover may find applications in second generation cold atom experiments. i

4 Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit handelt von mesoskopischen Transportexperimenten mit ultrakalten fermionischen 6 Li Atomen, und stellt eine Quantensimulation von Transport in mesoskopischen Strukturen dar. Wir entwickeln einen Zwei-Terminal Aufbau, bestehend aus zwei makroskopischen Atomreservoiren verbunden durch einen flexiblen Kanal, und nutzen diesen, um Transportkoeffizienten von Quantengasen zu messen. Die Methode ist ideal dafür geeignet Quantenvielteilchensysteme zu untersuchen, wie zum Beispiel stark wechselwirkende Suprafluide oder Nicht-Fermiflüssigkeiten. Der Grund hierfür ist, dass unser Messsignal der Nettostrom zwischen den beiden Reservoiren von genau dem Teil des Fermi-Gases stammt, der am meisten durch Wechselwirkung beeinflusst wird: der Fermioberfläche. In Experimenten mit einem quasi-2d Multimodenkanal beobachten wir direkt den Kontaktwiderstand, der auf natürliche Weise im Landauer-Büttiker-Transportformalismus auftritt. Indem wir eine Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den beiden Reservoiren erzeugen (anstatt wie bisher einer Differenz des chemischen Potential) detektieren wir thermoelektrische Effekte, die eine ungewöhnlich hohe Güteszahl ZT aufweisen. In derselben Geometrie messen wir den Einbruch des Widerstands aufgrund von Suprafluidität, die auftritt wenn eine starke Wechselwirkung unter den Teilchen durch eine Feshbach-Resonanz hervorgerufen wird. Desweiteren erforschen wir das Wechselspiel zwischen Unordnung und Suprafluidität, indem wir sukzessive den Unordnungsgrad im 2D Kanal erhöhen. Bei dem Prozess geht ein molekulares BEC oder ein stark wechselwirkendes, fermionisches Suprafluid in eine fragmentierte, schlecht leitende Phase über. Indem wir die Transportmessungen mit hochauflösender Mikroskopie kombinieren, finden wir Indizien dafür, dass in beiden Fällen die fragmentierte Phase bosonischen Charakter hat. Die optische Projektion eines Quantenpunktkontakt (QPC) auf den zweidimensionalen Kanal macht das Quantenregime des Transports, in dem einzelne transversale Moden aufgelöst werden können, zugänglich. Indem entweder ein attraktives Gate-Potential oder die Einschnürung des 1D-Kanals durchgestimmt wird, beobachten wir zum ersten Mal mit neutralen Teilchen quantisierten Transport. Bei schrittweiser Erhöhung der attraktiven Wechselwirkung nimmt die Höhe des ersten Leitfähigkeitsplateaus überraschend von dem universellen Wert 1/h auf 4/h zu, was nach einer Erklärung jenseits des Landauer-Büttiker-Formalismus verlangt. Suprafluidität zerstört schliesslich das Plateau und führt zu einer nicht-linearen Abhängigkeit des Stroms von der chemischen Potentialdifferenz. Der ganze Prozess geht einher mit einer sukzessiven Abnahme der Spinleitfähigkeit, die im tiefen superfluiden Regime bis auf Null abfällt. In dieser Arbeit wurden Transportmessungen als eine neue Methode für die Untersuchung von kalten Gasen etabliert, und ihre hohe Sensitivität auf Quantenvielteilchensysteme demonstriert. Unsere Experimente erweitern das Konzept der Quantensimulation auf Devices, die iii

5 zudem in einer zweiten Generation von Experimenten mit kalten Atomen eingesetzt werden könnten. iv

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