Effects of emissions from shipping on human health

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1 Effects of emissions from shipping on human health Prof. Dr. Jeroen Buters ZAUM- Center for Allergy and Environment Technische Universität München

2 Spores of Cladosporium Proteins Moleküle Viruses Viren Bckteria Bakterien (mold) Pilze Birch Pollen pollen Hair NaCl (0,7mm) 0.01 µm 0.1 µm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 2.5 µm TSP 1 mm Dust fall PM 10 PM 2.5 PM 1 PM µm nanoparticles Coarse fraction Fine fraction Ultrafine

3 NaCl (0,7mm) Sources of particles Mold spores Biogenic Bacteria Ø Spores Ø Bacteria Ø Sea salt Ø Bronchosomes Ø Crustal materiall (Sand etc.) Ø Combustion of vegetable Material Ø Pollen Anthropogenic Traffic Heating 27 % Industry 19 % Agriculture and life stock 12 % Transport of particles 4 % Source: Emissionskataster Bayern, 2004 Birch pollen Bronchosomes Traffic: 26% Off-road Diesel 63% On-road vehicles (of those ca. 70 % Dieselfahrzeuge)

4 Diurnal Variation: Bremen (traffic site) traffic-urban urban-rural rural-regional regional background PM PM10 µg/m3 10 [µg/m 3 ] Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Quass et al., EAC Salzburg, 2007

5 Vehicle development in Germany Number [ 10 6 ] Year Statistisches Bundesamt, Verkehr in Zahlen 2006

6 Sources of pollution

7 Ship emissions will increase

8 Sulphur in ship emissions generates clouds

9

10 Ship diesel exhaust components Component Heavy Fuel * Light Fuel** SO ppm 1-10 ppm NO ppm ppm CO ppm 400 ppm NO x ppm ppm PM (BC) µg/m µg/m 3 THC ppm ppm * 1.6% Sulphur (world average 2.7%, max. 4.5%) ** Diesel according DIN EN 590: <10 ppm Sulphur

11 Ship-fuel Regulations of fuels Automotive-fuel DIN EN 590 * Diesel EN 590* *<10ppm Sulphur 1,20E+03 NO

12 London smog Ship diesel: 300 mg sulphur/kg <10mg Schwefel/kg ab Jan 2013 DIN EN 228: , standard in Germany since 2003

13 London smog: lethality Bell and Davis, Env Health Persp. 2001

14 Health effects: Ø Carcinogenesis Ø Cardiovascular Ø Respiratory Ø Immunology

15 Effect of ambient particles: Carcinogenesis

16 HICE Testing toxicity of anthropogenic combustion: ship diesel exhaust

17 Morawska, 2009 Particle deposition in the lung

18 Exposing lung cells to diesel exhaust Diabate et al., ATLA 2008;36:

19 Human bronchial epithelial cells - BEAS-2B immortalized -

20 Ship diesel exhaust particles Sippula et al., unpublished 2012

21 Respiratores Epithelium Deposition von Partikeln zyl. Flimmerzelle Becherzelle Basalzelle Bürstenzelle Clara-Zelle kub. Flimmerzelle Typ II - Zelle Typ I - Zelle D=Diameter, UF=Ultrafeinstaub Quelle Figur: Prof. N. Krug, pers. Mitteilung

22 Human bronchial epithelial cells - BEAS-2B immortalized -

23 Effect of load on engine emissions Knebel et al., Toxicol in vitro 2002

24 RNA after exposure to ship diesel exhaust - BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells RNA [ng/µl] clean air filtered aerosol complete aerosol 20 0 LFO HFO FTR LFO = light fuel oil (1:40) HFO = heavy fuel oil (1:100) FTR = filtered air

25 Verkehrsbelastung und Allergie 4 WIKA-Studie NRW Sensibilisierung (RAST) gegen Pollen 500 (Birke, Gras, Beifuß) Symptome einer allergischen Rhinitis SAWO-Studie Ost Leipzig/ Halle/ Magdeburg Symptome einer allergischen Rhinitis Altmark < <50m >= >=50m 50m < <50m >= >=50m 50m < <50m >= >=50m 50m < <50m >= >=50m 50m Essen/ Köln Borken Essen/ Köln Borken Essen/Köln Borken Essen/Köln Borken 1 0 n = <10 m m > 50 m MIRIAM Augsburg 1996 %-Anteil Mädchen mit Pollen- Sensibilisierung <4000 Kfz >4000 Kfz >10000 Kfz Verkehrsstärke Verkehrsstudie Düsseldorf 1996 % symptoms / sensitizations Hellerhof Düsseltal Friedrichstadt NO outdoor [µg/m]³

26 Effects of Ambient Particles Associated Organic Compounds on the IgE Mediated Immune Response Agglomerates Ø < 2,5 µm Particles* single dieselsoot particle Ø < 0,1 µm 0.3 µm Agglomerates Ø < 2,5 µm 65% single dieselsoot particle Ø < 0,1 µm 35%* Organic Phase * for diesel ambient particles Source: Länderausschuss für Emmissionsschutz 1992

27 Composition of PM 10 -associated organic phase Non Extractable Extractable Chromatographable Not Separated Separated Identified Not identified compounds of which 33% could be identified Schnelle-Kreis, GSF Neuherberg, 2005

28 Effect of Diesel-Exhaust-Particles: Allergy Symptoms 10 Severity of Symptoms Effect of Organics? 0 Allergen DEP Allergen + Diaz-Sanchez et al., 2000 Placebo Allergen + DEP Allergen + Carbon Black

29 Exposure to particles from traffic increases allergic sensitization Four 2-week periods measurements for 1 year at 40 sites (background and traffic) Munich, Germany aor 2,0 1,5 GINI and LISA birth cohort studies N=1350 1,0 0,5 Any Outdoor Aeroallergen allergen Outdoor allerg Indoor allergen Indoor allergen PM 2.5 PM 2.5 abs Inhalant s 2,0 aor 1,5 1,0 Ø PM2.5 from traffic increases sensitization 0,5 Asthma Hayfever Eczema Morgenstern et al., Am Resp J Crit Care Med 2008 PM 2.5 PM 2.5 abs

30 Sensitization is increased by DEP - Challenge against DEP and/or Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanine- Allergen Allergen+DEP IgE IgE IgE IgE IgE IgG IgA IgG4 IgE IgG IgA IgG4 Diaz-Sanchez et al., JACI 1999

31 Zuviel scheint nicht gut zu sein!

32 Conclusions Ø A comparison using the same methodology between combustion products is missing Ø Mitochondrial, REM and RNA toxicity was detected Ø Particles were more toxic than filtered exhaust