Völkerrecht I. Vorlesung am (Felix Machts) Gewaltverbot, Selbstverteidigungsrecht und kollektive Sicherheit

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1 Völkerrecht I Vorlesung am (Felix Machts) Gewaltverbot, Selbstverteidigungsrecht und kollektive Sicherheit

2 Aufbau der Vorlesung Einleitung Entwicklung des Gewaltverbots Gewaltverbot in der UN Charta Humanitäre Intervention Selbstverteidigungsrecht

3 Gewaltverbot Art. 2 Ziff. 4 SVN All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. Gewaltanwendung ( use of force ) Gewaltandrohung ( threat [ ] of force )

4 Ius ad bellum vs. Ius in bello Recht zum Krieg (ius ad bellum) Recht im Krieg (ius in bello)

5 Völkerbund Art. 12 of the League of Nations Covenant (1919, 1920) The Members of the League agree that, if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture they will submit the matter either to arbitration or judicial settlement or to enquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the judicial decision, or the report by the Council. In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute.

6 Briand Kellog Pakt Vertrag über die Ächtung des Krieges ( ) Art. I Briand Kellog Pakt [ ] dass sie [die Staaten] den Krieg als Mittel für die Lösung internationaler Streitfälle verurteilen und auf ihn als Werkzeug nationaler Politik in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen verzichten. Art. II: Verpflichtung zur friedlichen Streitbeilegung

7 UN Charta System kollektiver Sicherheit Hauptaufgabe der UN Charta (1945) Wahrung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit (Art. 24, 39 ff., 52 ff. SVN) Umfassendes Gewaltverbot (Art. 2 Ziff. 4 SVN) Geschriebene Ausnahme (Art. 51 SVN) Ungeschriebene Ausnahmen? Gewaltverbot gilt auch gewohnheitsrechtlich

8 System kollektiver Sicherheit Gewaltverbot (Art. 2 Ziff. 4 SVN) Gewaltmonopol des Sicherheitsrats (Art. 24, 39 ff., 52 ff. SVN) Daneben bleibt den Staaten erhalten: Selbstverteidigungsrecht (Art. 51 SVN)

9 Gewaltmonopol des Sicherheitsrats Art. 24 Ziff. 1 SVN In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf. Art. 39 SVN The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security. Art. 42 SVN Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 [measures not involving the use of armed force] would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.

10 Wahrung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit Gewaltmonopol des Sicherheitsrats (Art. 24, 39 ff., 52 ff. SVN) Erlaubt militärische Maßnahmen durch den Sicherheitsrat Erlaubt gewaltsames Vorgehen einzelner Staaten aufgrund einer Ermächtigung des Sicherheitsrats Selbstverteidigungsrecht (Art. 51 SVN)

11 Gewaltverbot Art. 2 Ziff. 4 SVN All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. Gewaltanwendung ( use of force ) Gewaltandrohung ( threat [ ] of force )

12 Friendly Relations Declaration Resolution 2625 (XXV) der UN Generalversammlung v Erklärung über völkerrechtliche Grundsätze für freundschaftliche Beziehungen und Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Staaten im Sinne der Charta der Vereinten Nationen (Friendly Relations Declaration) Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing or encouraging the organization of irregular forces or armed bands, including mercenaries, for incursion into the territory of another State. Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in acts of civil strife or terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing in organized activities within ist territory directed towards the commission of sucht acts, when the acts referred to in the present paragraph involve a threat or use of force. Gewaltverbot erstreckt sich auf den Einsatz oder die Unterstützung bewaffneter Gruppierungen, die in einen anderen Staate eindringen, sowie auf die Förderung terroristischer Aktivitäten in einem anderen Staat.

13 IGH Rechtsprechung zu Verletzungshandlungen Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits) (USA v. Nicaragua): The laying of mines in Nicaraguan internal or territorial waters and certain attacks on Nicaraguan ports, oil installations and a naval base] constitute infringements of the principle of the prohibition of the use of force [ ]. [ ] The Court is however not satisfied that the [military manoeuvres held by the United States near the Nicaraguan borders], in the circumstances in which they were held, constituted [ ] a breach [ ] of the principle forbidding recourse to the threat or use of force. (para. 227) According to [the Friendly Relations Declaration, organizing or encouraging the organization of irregular forces or armed bands for incursion into territory of another state] is contrary to the principle of the prohibition of the use of force when the acts of civil strife referred to involve a threat or use of force. In the view of the Court, while the arming and training of the contras can certainly be said to involve the threat or use of force against Nicaragua, [ ] the Court considers that the mere supply of funds to the contras, while undoubtedly an act of intervention in the internal affairs of Nicaragua [...] does not in itself amount to a use of force. (para. 228)

14 Recht zur Selbstverteidigung Art. 51 UN Charta Schwelle bewaffneter Angriff Nicaragua Fall 11. September Nicht staatliche Angreifer Kluft zwischen Verletzung des Gewaltverbots und Reaktionsmöglichkeiten Erweiterung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts

15 Art. 51 UN Charta Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

16 Schwelle bewaffneter Angriff Ein bewaffneter Angriff liegt vor, wenn in massiver, koordinierter Form militärische Gewalt gegen einen anderen Staat ausgeübt wird (Herdegen 34 Rn. 12) Es reicht nicht jede Form der Gewaltanwendung aus (bspw. bloßer Grenzzwischenfall)! Vermutung spricht für einen bewaffneten Angriff im Sinne des Art. 51 SVN im Falle eines Ersteinsatzes militärischer Gewalt (Aggressions Definition)

17 IGH Rechtsprechung zum bewaffneten Angriff IGH, ICJ Rep. 1986, 14 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA) IGH, ICJ Rep 1996, 803 Oil Platforms (Iran v. USA) (Preliminary Objections)

18 Probleme Tendenz: Schutz grundlegender Menschenrechte gleichwertig mit Gewaltverbot Schwächen im System kollektiver Sicherheit: Sicherheitsrat, Vetorecht Kluft zwischen Gewaltverbot und Reaktionsmöglichkeiten Terrorismus, Verschiebung des Bedrohungspotentials weg von Staaten hin zu Individuen, UN Charta nicht darauf ausgelegt Folgen: Humanitäre Intervention, Ausdehnung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts, Prävention/Preemption Bsp.: Irak, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Terrorismusbekämpfung

19 Kluft zwischen Gewaltverbot und Reaktionsmöglichkeiten Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits) (USA v. Nicaragua), para. 228 In the view of the Court [ ] the arming and training of the contras can certainly be said to involve the threat or use of force against Nicaragua [ ] But the Court does not believe that the concept of armed attack includes [ ] assistence to rebels in form of the provision of weapons or logistical or other support. While a armed attack would give rise to an entitlement to take collective self defense, a use of force of a lesser degree of gravity cannot [ ] produce any entitlement to take collective countermeasures involving the use of force. The acts of which Nicaragua is accused [ ] could not justify counter measures taken by a third State [ ] and particularly not justify intervention involving the use of force.

20 Humanitäre Intervention H.I. zur Rettung eigener Staatsangehöriger im Ausland H.I. zur Rettung fremder Staatsangehöriger im Ausland

21 Nicht staatliche Angreifer IGH, ICJ Rep 2004, 136 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Advisory Opinion IGH v Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v Uganda) Möglichkeit: Zurechnung der Handlungen Privater zu einem Staat staatliche Gewalt

22 11. September Resolutionen 1368 (2001) und 1373 (2001) des UN Sicherheitsrats Resolution des Nordatlantikrats (Art. V NATO Vertrag) Zurechnung der Handlungen von Individuen zu Staat (Afghanistan, support and harbor )

23 Erweiterung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts (Irak) Naturgegebenes Recht (inherent right) Caroline Fall, Webster Formel a necessity of self defence, instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment of deliberation Prävention Vorbeugende Abwehrmaßnahmen (preemption), National Security Strategy der USA (Irak)

24 Beispielsfälle Afghanistan Irak Kosovo OSIRAK (1981)

25 Schluss!