Research Collection. A biomorphic electronic Hopf cochlea. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Library. Author(s): van der Vyver, Johannes Petrus

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis A biomorphic electronic Hopf cochlea Author(s): van der Vyver, Johannes Petrus Publication Date: 2006 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH No A Biomorphic Electronic Hopf Cochlea A dissertation subrnitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of PhD. ETH Zürich presented by JOHANNES PETRUS VAN DER VYVER M. Ing. E.E. (RAU) born January 22, 1975 submitted to Prof. Dr. Hans-Andrea Loeliger, exarniner PD PD Dr. habil Ruedi Stoop, co-examiner Prof. Dr. habil Willi-Hans Steeb, co-examiner 2007

3 Abstract The mammalian hearing organ is an example of a sublime sensor; one of nature's finest. Ie, the alive cochlea's signal processing capabilities allow mammals to pick out specific sounds, or even voicos, in high noise environments. The cochlea processes sounds by hydro- mechanically decomposing auditory signals into their component frequencies along its basilar membrane. This displacement of the basilar membrane can be augmented with cnergy injeetions, ie, active amplification, strongly amplifying small signals - resulting in the exceptional ability to hear soft sounds. Of all the nonlinear phenomena exhibited by the alive cochlea the compressive nonlinearity exemplifies the ear's ability to hear soft sounds. Eguiluz et al postulatcd that a single kind of aetive amplification mechanism was the root cause of the nonlinear phenomena exhibited by the alive cochlea - a nonlinear oscillator poised near a Hopf bifurcation, Kern and Stoop's biomorphic Hopf cochlea model" sub sequently proved the validity of using the driven Hopf ordinary differential equation as active amplifier in a cochlea model This model accurately captured cochlear phenomena characteristic of the alive cochlea, eg, velicometric basilar membrane response that contains the compressive nonlinearity, and two-tone suppression. However, the numcrical intraetability of the biomorphic Hopf cochlea model in the time-domain, precipitated the need for an electronic cochlea circuit. Building on this foundation, the aim of this thesis is to electronically realise the same signal processing mechanisms exploited by the alive mammalian cochlea. Using the biomorphic ansatz the design originates from basic mechanisms: The cochlea is decomposed into passive cochlear hydrodynamics and the active injections of energy, as a cascade of passive and active units respectively. The Hopf amplifier, as active amplification unit a focal part of this thesis, is dissected in a dimensionless design and translated into a novel electronic circuit. A Butterworth filter is chosen as a minirnalistic, but feasible passive unit. The coupling betwccn the active and passive units is reduced to the bare essentials by interleaving the passive and active units to create a single compound mode of signal propagation. From the biomorphic ansatz rigour follows a simple circuit with exceptional signal processing abilities, capable of accurately reproducing the alive cochlea's basilar membrane response. Furthermore, its signal processing capabilities far exceeds that of the best existing cochlear circuits. With this biomorphic electronic Hopf cochlea* the time-domain response to real-world speech signals can bc invcstigatcd. Furthermore, the circuit's small-signal gain control allows a direct investigation of the potential infiucnce of auditory cortex feedback. Thus providing a springboard from hearing to attack the problern of listcning. cochlea, hearing, biomorphic ansatz, Hopf amplifier, dimensionless design, elec Keywords: tronic circuit. * Note that this thesis contains two very similar tcrrns to rcfcr to two distinct things - Kern and Stoop's biottiorphic Hopf cochlea model was the inspiration for the design of the biomorphic electronic Hopf cochlea.

4 Kurzfassung Das Hörorgan der Säugetiere ist ein hochentwickelter akustischer Sensor, der spezifische Geräusche wie beispielsweise Stimmen selbst dann selektiv wahrnehmen kann, wenn diese durch Hintergrundgeräusche verdeckt werden. Diese Leistungen erreicht dieses Sinnesorgan durch die nichtlineare Signalverarbeitung in der Cochlea (Gehörschnecke im Innenohr). In der Cochlea erfolgt die Transduktion des physikalischen Schallsignals-- repräsentiert durch eine Wanderwelle auf der Basilarmembran - in Nervenimpulse mit Hilfe der inneren Haarzellen. Durch einen Rückkopplungsmechanismus via die äusseren Haarzellen kann die Auslenkung der Basilarmembran und damit das Signal derart verstärkt werden, dass das Hörorgan die oben genannte selektive Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit erreicht. Dadurch erreicht die Cochlea unter anderem die Fähigkeit der kompressiven Nichtlincarität, d.h. die selektive Verstärkung schwacher Signale. Eguiluz et al haben postuliert, dass ein mit der Hopf-Bifurkation beschreibbarer nichtlinearer Oszillator die genannte Nichtlinearität zu erklären vermag. Darauf aufbauend entwickelten Kern und Stoop ein biomorphes Cochleamodell, welches den Hopf-Ansatz grundsätzlich bestätigt, gleichzeitig aber zeigt, dass die Hopf-Gleichung, welche als mathematisches Modell der Cochlea dient, subkritisch getunt sein muss. Das Modell von Kern und Stoop reproduziert die physiologischen Messungen der Basilarmembranauslenkung auf bisher unerreichte Weise. Für zeitlich veränderliche Signale wird jedoch der numerische Aufwand für die Berechnung des Antwortverhaltens der Cochlea durch das Modellunpraktikabel. Da in praktischen Abwendungen des Modells zeitlich veränderliche Signale die Regel sind, ist eine elektronische Realisierung des biomorphen Modells wünschenswert. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation besteht darin, basierend auf dem Modell von Kern und Stoop die biologische Signalverarbeitung der Säugetiercochlea elektronische nachzubilden. Zu diesem Zweck lässt sich die Cochleadynamik in einen passiven (die passive Wanderwelle der Basilarmembran) und einen aktiven Teil (die aktive Verstärkung durch die äusseren Haarzellen) unterteilen. Die Cochlea wird dabei als eine Kaskade solcher gekoppelter aktiver und passiver Bauelemente aufgebaut. Der Hopf-Verstärker, das Kernbauelement, basiert auf einem dimensionslosen Design und wird in einem neuartigen Schaltkreis realisiert. Der passive Teil wird durch einen Butterworth-Filter realisiert, ein minimales, den Erfordernissen aber angepasstes Bauelement. Die Kopplung zwischen dem aktiven und dem passiven Bauelement wird dabei auf das Wesentliche realisiert, einer Zwischenlegung der Elemente, um einen einzeln zusammengesetzten Signalgang zu bilden. Der biomorphe Ansatz führt somit zu einem einfachen Schaltkreis, der sich jedoch durch aussergewöhnliche Fähigkeiten in der Signalverarbeitung auszeichnet. Insbesondere vermag dieser Schaltkreis die komprcssive Nichtlinearität der Cochlea erstaunlich präzise zu reproduzieren. Die in dieser Arbeit realisierte elektronische Cochlea ermöglicht die Analyse zeitveränderliche Eingangssignale, wie beispielsweise Stimmen, in Echtzeit. Damit ist ein Instrument geschaffen worden, welches den Cocktailparty-Effekt ei-

5 11 Kurzfassung ner natürlichen Cochlea nachbilden kann. Stichworte: Cochlea, Hören, biomorpher Ansatz, Hopf-Verstärker, dimensionloses Design, elektronischer Schaltkreis.

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