Platinum-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of trifluoromethyl ketones

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Platinum-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of trifluoromethyl ketones Author(s): Arx, Matthias von Publication Date: 2001 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss ETH No Platinum-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Trifluoromethyl Ketones A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Matthias von Arx Dipl. Chem. born 30 December 1972 citizen of Egerkingen (SO) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. A. Baiker, examiner Prof. Dr. A. Togni, co-examiner 2001

3 Summary Asymmetric catalysis is one of the most demanding and promising strategies to produce fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The most successful approach in heterogeneous catalysis has been the chiral modification of an existing active catalyst by a chiral organic compound. Cinchona alkaloid-modified Pt proved to be efficient in the hydrogenation of α-dicarbonyl compounds. The aim of this thesis was to find new applications for this catalyst system. The work presented here mainly covers the hydrogenation of trifluoromethyl ketones. But in a first attempt ketoisophorone, a versatile building block used for natural product synthesis (e.g. vitamine synthesis) was tested (chapter 2). With its three unsaturated functional groups, different products are accessible upon hydrogenation with chirally modified Pt and Pd. Investigation of various reaction conditions and catalyst promotors or inhibitors led to chemoselectivities over 90% in the saturation of the C=C or the sterically hindered C=O double bonds over Pt and Pd, respectively. This represents the first example for the selective reduction of an α,β-unsaturated ketone to the corresponding unsaturated alcohol using dihydrogen. However, enantioselective hydrogenation of the carbonyl group over cinchonidine-modified Pt afforded only 14% ee and an improvement without loosing the good chemoselectivities is expected to be very difficult. Hydrogenation of trifluoromethyl ketones showed to be much more promising. Various trifluoromethyl ketones possessing different functional groups were tested over Pt/Al 2 O 3 modified by cinchonidine and O-methyl cinchonidine. 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone, 2-trifluoroacetyl pyrrole and ethyl-4,4,4- trifluoroacetoacetate afforded good to very good enantioselectivities (chapter 3). The highest ee of 90% was achieved with the latter. The remark-

4 xvi able variation of enantioselectivity in the synthesis of various α,α,α-trifluoromethyl alcohols is interpreted in terms of electronic and steric effects. As highlighted in chapters 4 and 5, detailed NMR-spectroscopic investigations uncovered a complex equilibration of ethyl-4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate to its keto-, enol-, hydrate- and hemiketal species. Considerable changes in reaction rate, ee and equilibrium composition during reaction were found by kinetic and NMR analyses. They are attributed to the existence of two additional reaction pathways, hydrogenolysis of the hemiketal (in alcoholic solvents) and hydrogenolysis of the hydrate (in aprotic solvents containing traces of water), respectively. Under certain reaction conditions these reaction pathways can even dominate the normal hydrogenation reaction of the ketone, leading to an inversion of enantioselectivity in the course of the reaction. Such a behaviour has never been described before over cinchona modified platinum. The implications of these findings on past and future work in the field are discussed. Investigation of the effects of various solvents and acids contributed to a further improvement of the enantioselectivity obtained with different trifluoroacetoacetates (chapter 6) % ee and high reaction rates were achieved independent of the size of the ester group (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl). This represents the best value ever reported for the production of this interesting chiral building block with any catalytic system. Furthermore, some major differences to the hydrogenation of α-ketoesters were found. Evaluation of the consequences of all side reactions described here and in literature (chapter 7) revealed that 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone is ideally suited for reinforced mechanistic investigations. In the last two chapters of this thesis first steps towards the elucidation of the reaction mechanism of trifluoromethyl ketones are made, including the detailed examination of the role of acidic solvents. In contrast to an earlier report, the enantioselectivity obtained with 2,2,2- trifluoroacetophenone could be improved to 92% in acidic medium as described in chapter 8. The results obtained with a selection of aryl substituted derivatives and different chiral modifiers in apolar solvents support the former suggestion that ketones with decreased electron density at the carbonyl C atom (possessing electron withdrawing substituents) are most successful over chirally

5 Summary xvii modified Pt. Based on the special role of the OH group of cinchonidine, which was observed in these reactions, suggestions for the refinement of the existing mechanistic model are made. In the last chapter the influence of acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid on the hydrogenation of the two most successful trifluoromethyl ketones is described. In different solvents and with cinchonidine and O-methyl-cinchonidine as chiral modifiers a significant increase in enantioselectivity paired with sometimes dramatic rate deceleration was found upon addition of acid. As an explanation a new reaction mechanism (valid in acidic medium), which involves interaction of the carboxylic acid molecule(s) with the reactant and the chiral modifier is suggested. The proposed model is supported by IR-spectroscopic data. This represents the first model, which is able to explain the special role of acetic acid in the hydrogenation over chirally modified Pt, including its acidity, solvent properties and intermolecular interaction behaviour. Further investigations are needed to verify this model. A possible extension to the hydrogenation of other activated ketones could help to increase the efficiency or to further broaden the scope of this catalyst system.

6 Zusammenfassung Die asymmetrische Katalyse stellt eine vielversprechende aber auch sehr anspruchsvolle Methode zur Synthese von Naturstoffen und Medikamenten dar. Als beste Strategie zur Entwicklung heterogener Katalysatoren gilt heute die chirale Modifizierung eines bekannten, aktiven Katalysators mit einer chiralen organischen Verbindung. Cinchona Alkaloid-modifiziertes Platin ist ein bekanntes Beispiel. Dieser Katalysator ist besonders geeignet für die enantioselektive Hydrierung von α-dicarbonylverbindungen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für diesen Katalysator zu finden. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt hauptsächlich die Hydrierung von Trifluormethylketonen. In einem ersten Versuch wurde allerdings Ketoisophoron als Kandidat für die Hydrierung mit diesem Katalysatorsystem untersucht. Ketoisophoron und seine möglichen Hydrierprodukte an Pt und Pd sind vielseitige Ausgangsstoffe, die zum Beispiel in der Vitaminsynthese eingesetzt werden. Durch die Abstimmung verschiedener Reaktionsparameter und den Einsatz von Promotoren und Inhibitoren konnten über 90% Chemoselektivität in der Hydrierung der C=C respektive einer C=O Doppelbindung erzielt werden. Dies ist das erste Beispiel einer selektiven Reduktion eines α,β-ungesättigten Ketons zum entsprechenden Allylalkol unter Verwendung von Wasserstoff. Andererseits wurden maximal nur 14% ee erreicht und eine Steigerung der Enantioselektivität ohne den Verlust der guten Chemoselektivität dürfte sehr schwierig sein. Die Hydrierung von Trifluormethylketonen stellte sich als deutlich vielversprechender heraus. Verschiedene Trifluormethylketone mit unterschiedlichen zusätzlichen funktionellen Gruppen wurden getestet, wobei 2,2,2-Trifluoracetophenon, 2-Trifluoracetylpyrrol und 4,4,4-

7 xx Trifluoracetylessigsäureethylester gute bis sehr gute Enantioselektivitäten ergaben. Der beste Wert von 90% ee wurde mit 4,4,4- Trifluoracetylessigsäureethylester erreicht. Die deutlichen Unterschiede, die in der Synthese einer ganzen Reihe von α,α,α-trifluormethylalkoholen erzielt wurden geben Aufschluss über den Einfluss von sterischen und elektronischen Faktoren. Wie mittels NMR-Spektroskopie gefunden wurde, bildet 4,4,4- Trifluoracetylessigsäureethylester in Lösung ein komplexes Gleichgewicht bestehend aus der Keto- und Enolform, sowie dem entsprechenden Hydrat und Halbacetal (Kapitel 4 und 5). Damit verknüpft sind grosse Veränderungen der Enantioselektivität sowie der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit im Verlaufe der Reaktion. Wie gezeigt wird liegt der Grund dafür in der Existenz von zwei zusätzlichen Reaktionswegen, der Hydrogenolyse des Halbacetals (in Alkohlen) sowie der Hydrogenolyse des Hydrates (in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln mit Spuren von Wasser). Unter geeigneten Reaktionsbedingungen können diese Reaktionswege sogar die normale Hydrierung dominieren, was teilweise zu einer Inversion der Enantioselektivität im Verlauf der Reaktion führte. Dies ist bisher an chiral modifiziertem Platin noch nie beobachtet worden. Die Auswirkungen dieser Entdeckung auf vergangene sowie zukünftige Arbeiten werden diskutiert. Die Untersuchung dieser Reaktion in einer Reihe von Lösungsmitteln und in Gegenwart von Carbonsäuren führte zu einer weiteren Effizienzsteigerung. Unabhängig von der Grösse der Estergruppe (Methyl-, Ethyl oder Isopropylester) konnten 95-96% ee und hohe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten erzielt werden. Dies sind die besten Werte, die bis heute in der (katalytischen) Synthese dieses wichtigen chiralen Bausteins erreicht worden sind. Zusätzlich offenbarten diese Versuche auch einige Unterschiede zu der bereits intensiv studierten Hydrierung von α-ketoestern. Die Konsequenzen, die sich aus der Diskussion aller bekannter Nebenreaktionen, die hier oder in der Literatur beschrieben worden sind, ziehen lassen machen deutlich dass 2,2,2-Trifluoracetophenon prädestiniert ist für detaillierte mechanistische Untersuchungen (Kapitel 7). Tatsächlich konnte die Enantioselektivität in der Hydrierung von 2,2,2- Trifluoracetophenon in säurehaltigem Lösungsmittel auf 92% ee gesteigert

8 Zusammenfassung xxi werden. Die gängige Vorstellung, dass Ketone mit einer geringen Elektronendichte am Carbonyl C (also mit elektronentziehenden Substituenten) besonders aussichtsreich sind für die Hydrierung an chiral modifiziertem Pt, wird bestätigt durch die Resultate mit einer Auswahl von aryl-substituierten Trifluoracetophenon-Derivaten (Kapitel 8). Basierend auf dem speziellen Einfluss, den die OH-Gruppe von Cinchonidin in diesen Reaktionen zeigte, werden Vorschläge für die Verbesserung des existierenden mechanistischen Modells gemacht. Im letzten Kapitel wird eine systematische Studie des Einflusses von Essigsäure und Trifluoressigsäure auf die Hydrierung der zwei erfolgreichsten Trifluormethyl Ketone beschrieben. Erhebliche Verbesserungen der Enantioselektivität verbunden mit oft starker Verlangsamung der Reaktion wurden in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und in Gegenwart von Cinchonidin oder O-Methylcinchonidin beobachtet. Unterstützt durch IRspektroskopische Untersuchungen, wird als Erklärung ein neuer Reaktionsmechanismus vorgeschlagen, welcher Wechselwirkungen der Carbonsäure Moleküle mit Reaktant und Modifier berücksichtigt. Dies ist das erste Modell, welches in der Lage ist die aussergewöhnliche Funktion von Essigsäure, unter Berücksichtigung all seiner Eigenschaften (Säureeigenschaften, Lösungsmitteleigenschaften, intermolekulares Wechselwirkungsverhalten) zu erklären. Zusätzliche Untersuchungen sind allerdings notwendig um dieses Modell zu verifizieren. Eine mögliche Ausdehnung dieser Studie auf die Hydrierung anderer aktivierter Ketone könnte dazu beitragen, dass die Effizienz dieser Reaktionen gesteigert oder der Anwendungsbereich von chiral modifiziertem Pt noch erweitert werden kann.

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